北京建筑大学2015 年7月7曰
摘要
我国正处在快速城市化发展阶段，高速城市化使得土地原有面貌发生了巨大
改变，不透水表面的急剧增加，破坏了自然排水系统应对雨洪的能力。再加上传
统以“快速排放”为主要目标的市政排水基础设施体制不健全，在全球气候变化
的背景下，导致我国许多城市面临着洪涝灾害加剧、水污染严重等严峻的雨洪问
题。公园作为城市建成环境中最大的绿色生态系统，具备雨洪管理的巨大潜力，
但目前我国城市公园在雨洪管理方面普遍能力不足。
性...................................................................... 2
1.2.4.城市公园在雨洪管理方面存在的主要问题.............................................. 3
1.2.5.新时期的发展机遇...................................................................................... 5
1.3.研究目的和意义................................................................................................. 6
1.3.1.研究目的...................................................................................................... 6
1.3.2.研究意义................................................................................................……6
1.4.相关概念............................................................................................................. 6
1.4.1.雨洪管理................................................................................................……6
1.4.2.海绵城市................................................................................................……6
1.4.3.城市公园...................................................................................................... 7
1.5.研究方法............................................................................................................. 7
1.6.研究内容和框架................................................................................................. 8
1.6.1.研究内容...................................................................................................... 8
1.6.2.研究框架................................................................................................……8
第2章海绵城市和可持续雨洪管理相关理论与实践研究............... 10
2.1.引言................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.海绵城市.....................................................................................................……10
2.3.绿色基础设施................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1.绿色基础设施的涵义................................................................................ 11
2.3.2.绿色基础设施对城市雨洪管理影响........................................................ 11
2.3.2.1.GI保护生态系统的整体性................................................................ 12
2.3.2.2. GI多重功能效益................................................................................ 12
2.3.2.3. GI空间多尺度适应性........................................................................ 12
2.4.最佳管理措施.............................................................................................……12
2.4.1.最佳管理措施定义与发展........................................................................ 12
2.4.2.最佳管理措施技术体系和目标................................................................ 13
2.5.低影响开发....................................................................................................... 13
2.5.1.低影响开发涵义........................................................................................ 13
2.5.2.低影响开发技术体系................................................................................ 15
2.5.3.低影响开发研究进展................................................................................ 15
2.5.3.1.国际上LID理念研究情况................................................................ 15
2.5.3.2.我国LID理念研究情况.................................................................... 16
2.6.其他相关理论体系........................................................................................... 17
2.6.1.水敏感城市设计..................................................................................……17
2.6.2.可持续城市排水系统..........................................................................……17
2.6.3.低影响城市设计与开发............................................................................ 18
2.7.绿色建筑评价体系中的雨洪管理标准........................................................... 19
2.8.国内外城市公园雨洪管理案例分析............................................................... 21
2.8.1.波特兰坦纳喷泉公园................................................................................ 21
2.8.2.纽约郭瓦纳斯运河海绵公园.................................................................... 22
2.8.3.北京奥林匹克公园.................................................................................... 23
2.8.4.哈尔滨群力雨洪公园................................................................................ 24
2.9.对我国城市公园建设的启示与反思............................................................... 25
2.10.本章小结......................................................................................................... 26
第3章基于LID的城市公园雨洪管理系统设计方法...................... 27
3.1.设计目标........................................................................................................... 27
3.1.1.径流总量的控制........................................................................................ 27
3.1.2.径流峰值流量的控制................................................................................ 27
3.1.3.径流污染的控制........................................................................................ 28
3.1.4.雨水资源化利用........................................................................................ 28
3.1.5.多功能城市公园雨洪景观........................................................................ 28
3.2.设计原贝}l ........................................................................................................... 29
3.2.1.保护自然排水路径.................................................................................... 29
3.2.2.控制不透水铺装面积................................................................................ 29
3.2.3.采用LID技术措施进行源头控制........................................................... 30
3.2.4.对公园周边的雨洪管理............................................................................ 30
3.2.5.雨水过程景观化..................................................................................……30
3.2.6.景观设计生态化........................................................................................ 30
3.3.设计程序.....................................................................................................……31
3.4.基地现状调查分析........................................................................................... 31
3.4.1.气象情况..............................................................................................……31
3.4.2.自然环境条件............................................................................................ 32
3.4.2.1.地形地貌.......................................................................................……32
3.4.2.2.水文水系............................................................................................. 32
3.4.2.3.土壤...............................................................................................……32
3.4.2.4.植物...............................................................................................……33
3.4.3.排水管网布置............................................................................................ 33
3.4.4.周边环境.................................................................................................... 33
3. SLID雨洪管理系统设计.................................................................................... 33
3.5.1.滞留渗透系统............................................................................................ 34
3.5.1.1.布局整合.......................................................................................……34
3.5.1.2.绿色屋顶............................................................................................. 34
3.5.1.3.下凹绿地............................................................................................. 36
3.5.1.4.雨水花园............................................................................................. 37
3.5.1.5.透水铺装............................................................................................. 40
3.5.2.传输系统.................................................................................................... 41
3.5.2.1.布局整合............................................................................................. 41
3.5.2.2.植草沟...........................................................................................……41
3.5.2.3.旱溪..................................................................................................... 44
3.5.2.4.雨水沟................................................................................................. 45
3.5.3.收集储存系统............................................................................................ 46
3.5.3.1.布局整合............................................................................................. 46
3.5.3.2.湿塘...............................................................................................……46
3.5.3.3.调节塘................................................................................................. 48
3.5.3.4.多功能调蓄池..................................................................................... 48
3.5.4.过滤净化系统............................................................................................ 49
3.5.4.1.布局整合............................................................................................. 49
3.5.4.2.渗井和过滤树池................................................................................. 49
3.5.4.3.植被缓冲带......................................................................................... 50
3.5.4.4.雨水湿地.......................................................................................……52
3.6.雨洪管理与景观设计要素的结合................................................................... 53
3.6.1.地形......................................................................................................……53
3.6.2.水体......................................................................................................……53
3.6.3.植物......................................................................................................……54
3.6.4.铺装............................................................................................................ 55
3.6.5.建筑和构筑物............................................................................................ 55
3.7.雨水设施规模计算和效益分析....................................................................... 56
3.7.1.规模计算..............................................................................................……56
3.7.2.效益分析.................................................................................................... 58
3.8.本章小结........................................................................................................... 58
第4章城市公园雨洪管理系统设计实践一一奥南文化商务园中心绿
地景观设计.......................................................................................……59
4.1.项目概况........................................................................................................... 59
4.2.现状调查分析................................................................................................... 59
4.2.1.气象情况..............................................................................................……59
4.2.2.自然环境条件............................................................................................ 60
4.2.2.1.地形地貌.......................................................................................……60
4.2.2.2.水文地质.......................................................................................……60
4.2.2.3.土壤...............................................................................................……60
4.2.2.4.植物...............................................................................................……60
4.2.3.排水管网布置............................................................................................ 60
4.2.4.周边环境.................................................................................................... 60
4.2.4.1.道路交通............................................................................................. 60
4.2.4.2.功能构成............................................................................................. 61
4.3.设计目标........................................................................................................... 61
4.4.雨洪管理系统设计........................................................................................... 62
4.4.1.滞留渗透系统............................................................................................ 62
4.4.2.传输系统..............................................................................................……63
4.4.3.收集储存系统............................................................................................ 64
4.4.4.过滤净化系统............................................................................................ 64
4.5.设施规模的确定............................................................................................... 65
4.6.本章小结........................................................................................................... 65
结论..................................................................................................... 67
参考文献...........................................................................................……68
图表附录...........................................................................................……73
致谢..................................................................................................... 78
图表附录
第2章海绵城市和可持续雨洪管理相关理论与实践研究
图2-1低影响开发水文原理示意图(引自《海绵城市建设技术指南》)
Fig.2一1 The hydrological principle of LID······································……14
表2-1排水管网、BMPs, LID雨洪管理主要区别比较(作者改绘)
Tablet一1 Comprison of drainage pipe network,BMPs,LID·················……14
图2-2LID技术方法(作者改绘)
Fig.2-2Components of LID method············································……15
图2-3 LID开发技术(引自《发达国家典型雨洪管理体系及启示》)
Fig.2-3 Technologies of LID·····················································……15
图2-4WSUD水循环系统(引自《发达国家典型雨洪管理体系及启示》)
Fig.2-4Water recycle system of WSUD}······································……17
图2-SSUDS对雨水的管理过程图(引自《发达国家典型雨洪管理体系及启
示》)
Fig.2一SManagement process of stormwater in SUDS························……18
图2-6LIUDD分级开发措施(引自《城市化背景下的可持续雨洪管理》)
Fig.2-6The main principle of classification in LIUDD system··············……19
表2-2LEED-ND中与雨洪管理相关规范(作者自绘)
Tablet-2Specification of storm water management in LEED-ND}········…}}}20
图2-7坦纳喷泉公园雨洪管理过程示意图(作者改绘)
Fig.2-7Diagram of tanner springs park storm water management
processor”””””””””””””””····················································…}}}22
图2-8郭瓦纳斯运河污染情况(引自www. asla. org )
Fig.2一8 The pollution circumstance of Gowanus canal·······················…}}}23
图2-9郭瓦纳斯运河径流处理过程轴测图(引自www. asla. org )
Fig2一9Axonometric drawing of storm water management process in Gowanus
canal······················································································…}}}23
图2-10奥体公园雨洪管理系统图(作者改绘)
Fig.2一lOStorm watermanagement system of Olympic park·················…}}}23
表2-3奥林匹克公园采取的具体雨洪管理措施(作者改绘)
Tablet一3The specific stormwater management in the Olympic park·····…}}}24
图2-11哈尔滨群力雨洪公园(引自www. asla. org )
Fig.2一11 Qunli stormwater park··················································…}}}25
第3章基于LID的城市公园雨洪管理系统设计方法
图3-1基于LID的城市公园雨洪管理系统设计程序(作者自绘)
Fig.3一1 Scheme of stormwater management system in urban park based on
LIDw w31
图3-2基于LID的城市公园雨洪管理系统模式(作者自绘)
Fig.3-2Stormwater management system model in urban park based on LIDw34
图3-3绿色屋顶结构图(作者改绘)
Fig.3-3Green roof structure·····················································…}}}34
表3-1不同类型绿色屋顶比较(作者自绘)
Table3一1 Comparison of different green roofs types··························…}}}35
图3-4游客中心雨洪管理系统设计策略(引自www. asla. org )
Fig.3-4Stormwater management system design strategy····················…}}}35
图3-5游客中心绿色屋顶实景图(引自www. asla. org )
Fig.3一SPanorama of the green roof············································…}}}35
图3-6两种典型下凹绿地剖而结构示意图(作者自绘)
Fig.3-6Diagram of two typical profiles structure of sunken green
surface···················································································…w36
图3-7路缘石改造形式(引自《Low Impact Development:A Design Manual for
Urban Areas ))
Fig.3-7Curb alternatives························································…w36
图3-8雨水花园结构示意图(引自网络)
Fig.3一8Diagram of the rain garden structure···································…...37
图3-9园林建筑周围布置雨水花园剖而示意图(作者自绘)
Fig.3-9Section view of rain garden near garden building····················…...38
图3-10雨水花园在园林建筑周围的不同布置方式(作者自绘)
Fig.3一1 ODifferent design strategy of rain garden around garden buildings } } } } } } 3 8
图3-11波特兰SW 1211' Avenue Green Street雨洪方案平而图(引自
www.asla.org)
Fig.3一11SW 1211' Avenue Green Street stormwater plain····················…w39
图3-12中心式绿色停车场平而图(作者自绘)
Fig.3一12Central green park lot plain············································…}}}40
图3-13雨水花园在公园停车场中布置方式(作者改绘)
Fig.3一13Different design strategy of rain garden around parking lot in urban
park······················································································…}}}40
图3-14透水铺装结构图(作者改绘)
Fig.3一14Permeable pavement structure·········································…}}}40
图3-15停车场植草地坪(引自《北京奥林匹克公园水系及雨洪利用系统研
究》)
Fig.3一15Grasscrete in parking lot···············································…}}}41
图3-16植草沟设计参数取值(引自《植被浅沟在城市雨水利用系统中的应
用》)
Fig.3一16The design parameters of grass swalew”·····························…}}}42
图3-17植草沟断而三种常见形式(引自网络)
Fig.3一17The three common section forms of grass swale}····················…}}}43
图3-18梯形断而结构示意图(引自《植被浅沟在城市雨水利用系统中的应
用》)
Fig.3一18Diagram of trapezoidal cross section structure····················…}}}43
图3-19植草沟示意图(引自《Low Impact Development:A Design Manual for
Urban Areas ))
Fig.3一19Diagram of grass swale}···············································…}}}43
图3-20结合园林布置植草沟(引自网络)
Fig.3-20Grass swale around the road··········································…}}}44
图3-21建筑周围植草沟布置(作者自绘)
Fig.3-21Grass swale around buildings·········································…}}}44
图3-22停车场植草沟布置(作者自绘)
Fig.3-22Grass swale in parking lot············································…}}}44
图3-23辰山植物园旱溪花境(引自《上海辰山植物园旱溪花境赏析》)
Fig.3-23Dry creek flower border in Chenshan botanic gardem··············…}}}45
图3-24雨水沟意向图(引自《最新水景设计》)
Fig.3-24Rain gutter diagram·····················································…}}}45
图3-25沙恩豪斯公园雨水沟系统图(作者改绘)
Fig.3-25Rain gutter system in Scharnhauser park··························…w46
图3-26湿塘结构示意图(引自《海绵城市建设技术指南》)
Fig.3-26Wet pond structure diagram·········································…...47
图3-27豆香园实景照片(引自网络)
Fig.3-27Pictures of Heung Yuen beans······································…...47
图3-28调节塘结构示意图(引自《海绵城市建设技术指南》)
Fig.3-28Regulating pond structure diagram···································…...48
图3-29荷兰鹿特丹雨水广场旱季和雨季对比图(引自网络)
Fig.3-29Comparison of dry and rainy season in water plaza in Rotterdam } } } } } } 49
图4-4地下空间功能分析
Fig.4-4Function analysis of under the ground area··························…"'61
图4-5公园景观规划设计总平而图
Fig.4-SThe park landscape planning and design master plain··············…w 62
图4-6公园雨洪管理系统设计策略示意图
Fig.4-6Storm water management system design strategy in the park·····…w 62
图4-7铺装路而下架空层水循环系统示意图
Fig.4-7Stilt floor water cycle program under pavement····················…w 63
图4-8园路与雨水沟的结合
Fig.4-8Park road combine with rain gutter···································…w63
图4-9场地竖向标高图
Fig.4-9Hypsography of the site··················································…w 64
图4-10园区雨水收集利用示意图
Fig.4-lODiagram of stormwater collection and utilization·················…w65
